5/11/2023 0 Comments Marta animal de canada![]() The mechanisms of activity of bacteriophagesīacteriophages are characterized by specific mechanisms of action against host cells: Currently, more than 25,000 bacteriophage nucleotide sequences have been deposited in INSDC databases (Adriaenssens et al., Reference Adriaenssens, Krupovic, Knezevic, Ackermann, Barylski, Brister, Clokie, Duffy, Dutilh, Edwards, Enault, Jang, Klumpp, Kropinski, Lavigne, Poranen, Prangishvili, Rumnieks, Sullivan, Wittmann, Oksanen, Gillis and Kuhn2017). The phage population in water bodies has been determined to range from 10 4 to 10 8 virions mL −1, while in the soil it reaches about 10 9 virions g −1 (Weinbauer, Reference Weinbauer2004 Wittebole et al., Reference Wittebole, De Roock and Opal2014). The total number of bacteriophages on Earth has been estimated at 10 32 virions, which is 10 times the number of characterized bacteria. The presence of bacteriophages is a natural phenomenon that has existed for billions of years, resulting in the balance of various bacteria in the natural environment (Batinovic et al., Reference Batinovic, Wassef, Knowler, Rice, Stanton, Rose, Tucci, Nittami, Vinh, Drummond, Sobey, Chan, Seviour, Petrovski and Franks2019). Their presence has also been confirmed in commercial sera, human vaccines, the human mouth (dental plaque and saliva), and the gastrointestinal tracts of human beings and other animals. wastewater, water bodies, soil, forest undergrowth, and food products). An important factor facilitating the acquisition and characterization of bacteriophages, in terms of their suitability for combating bacterial infections, is their common occurrence in diverse environments (e.g. Bacteriophages have also proven to be an effective tool in experimental treatments for combating diseases in livestock.īacteriophages are the most abundant form of life on earth, present wherever there is a potential host – a bacterium. The use of bacteriophages to control human infections has had a high success rate, especially in mixed infections caused mainly by Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, and Enterococcus. The aim of this review was to discuss the history of phage therapy as a replacement for antibiotics, in response to EU regulations prohibiting the use of antibiotics in livestock, and to present current examples and results of experimental phage treatments in comparison to antibiotics. Due to the significant increase in the number of multi-drug-resistant bacteria, bacteriophages could be a useful tool as an alternative to antibiotics in experimental therapies to prevent and to control bacterial infections in people and animals. The main division of bacteriophages is based on the type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and on the structure of the capsid. The total number of bacteriophages has been estimated to be 10 32 virions. ![]() Bacteriophages are the most abundant form of life on earth and are present everywhere.
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